The session explored interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome care and its link to cystoscopic phenotyping.

2024 updates highlighted advances in infectious disease care: shorter antibiotic courses, oral therapy for pneumonia and bacteremia, 7-day regimens for bloodstream infections, & biomarker-guided care. DoxyPEP, lenacapavir, and novel TB regimens showed promise. Outbreaks of Oropouche and blastomycosis and rising fungal infection in hematology patients underscored emerging infection risk.

Bariatric surgery has shown to lower the risk of developing chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) & the need for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in obese patients. Compared to those without surgery, patients who underwent bariatric surgery had a 21% reduced risk of CRS (RR 0.79) within 2 years & a 48% lower need for FESS (RR 0.52), with benefit lasting up to 10 years, suggesting surgery may improve sinus health.

Globally, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) cases experienced a sharp increase from 36.7 million in 1990 to 69.5 million in 2021. Incident cases climbed from 1.5 million to 2.3 million, while years lived with disability doubled. The steepest rise occurred among adolescents (15–19 years). Projections point to continued growth by 2045, especially in middle-socio-demographic index regions.

A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study has debunked the hypothesized causal association between vitamin D levels and pemphigus risk. Analyzing genetic data, the study revealed that vitamin D did not influence pemphigus development (OR: 0.83), nor does pemphigus affect vitamin D levels (OR: 1.00), suggesting that the prior link may reflect confounding and not causality.